1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2021
/ 5  
 
(      )
  : 3   :75
:     -     ,            
       
-
1. (a)             8
()           
2. DBMS     :
(a)  
()       
-
3.        ?            15
4.         :
(a)    
()   
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5. DBMS          Oracle 10g        
 
6. SQL       DDL  DML       
-
7. ()       ?           
  
()                 
        
8. PL/SQL          :
(a)    
(b)  
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2021
/ 5  
 
(      )
  : 3   :75
:     -     ,            
       
-
1. (a)            
:       (DBMS)  
    (DBMS)          ,
              
                 
  ,            
       DBMS  ,     
     
 
     DBMS    ,     :
1.    
  DBMS          ,  , 
              
""     '        
    
      ,   ,  ,  
    
4
Easy2Siksha
           :
 :           '   
,              

  : SQL (  )    
           
- :  
     (    
) , , -   ()  
         
2.    
              , 
 , ,            
           
     
 ,    ,         , ,
 ISBN      ""       ,
 ,       ""      
  
             
,  , 
           
 -      :
  :      '   '   
  
   :          , 
   
 :          
 
3.    
            DBMS  - 
   ,   
           
    :
 :           
   
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 :          
 ,             
  
  :            
         
  ,           
  
             ,     
        
4.  
            (  ' SQL 
  )              
        :
  :           

         
 :         , 
                  
 :      
       
 ,  
DBMS          , 
         ,       
 ,        
5.    
-      DBMS    ,     
    :
     (DBAs):          
   ,      ,    

           
  :         
        DBMS      
       
  :          ,  
            
  :
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Easy2Siksha
o   :  -
 
  
 
o -   :       
         
6. 
 ,       ,      
     ,           , ,
          DBMS    
                  
  ,   ""         ,
      (  , , )      ( 
ISBN   )  
7.   
              '  
    ,     ,    
   
                
     ,            
  
8.   
     DBMS       
   ,          
       (GUI)        
         ,   -  (CLI)
     
  ,      GUI        
   ,   ,  -       
       
       
 '    
9.  
   DBMS     ,   
   
            
,              :
  :         
     
7
Easy2Siksha
 :         
         ,     
       
  ,       
 
:           
     
  ,         , , 
             
,             
 
 ,     
   
 ,  
-             
 ,      ,     
  
    ,      
     
     ,        
 
()           
:    (DBMS)       
             
              
1.    ?
     ,          
    ,     ,     
   -     ,    
     ,           
  
2.    
?
    
  ,        ,  
             ,   
:
 : 
   '       
    ,      
8
Easy2Siksha
   :           
 
  :    
       
  
              
3.    -  ( )
 " "             , 
            :
     (1NF)
  :  1NF         ()  
,           
 :              
           ,   1NF  
 
1NF   ,          

1NF   :
   
 

12345, 67890 
1NF   :
   
 

12345

67890 
:             
          
 
    (2NF)
  :  2NF       1NF     -
   '       ,    
     '  
  
9
Easy2Siksha
 :       (     )  
,         '    2NF , 

  
    
2NF   :
 .
  .
   
1
101
 
2NF   :
o  :
 .
  .
1
101
o    :
   
 
:2NF   
           
    '  ,     
     (3NF)
  :  3NF     2NF      

          -  '  

 
 :     '   ,    , 
  
     
10
Easy2Siksha
3NF   :
  .
 .
  
101
1
 
3NF   :
o    :
 .
 .
101
1
o   :
 .
  
1

: 3NF      
   -   
 '       -  '
Boyce-Codd     (BCNF)
  :BCNF 3NF        BCNF     3NF
 ,      (      ),
      (         )
  
 :BCNF      3NF     
  ,       
11
Easy2Siksha
4      (4NF)
  :  4NF     BCNF     -  
  -          '  
  
 :       ,     
   ,   -    4NF   
   
4NF   :
 .


1

  
1

 
4NF   :
o - :
 .

1

1

o - :



  

 
:4NF -    ,   
     
       
12
Easy2Siksha
5      (5NF)
  :   5NF     4NF       
 
   5NF       
    ,        
    
 :              ,
5NF   
            
  
4.     
      ,     :
    :      ,    
  '      ,  
 
       : 
         ,
   
       ,  
  
 
   :         , 

 ,      
     :    ,   
   ,   
       
5.     
      ,       
 :
   :        , 

      
  :    ,      
       ,      ,  
  
     :      
       
6.  
 ,         
       
      
13
Easy2Siksha
           ,    
         ,      ' 
             
7. -     
-    :  -  , , ,  
             

       -   
  , 
          
   :    ,    
 ,   ,        
              
  
       
 :  ,    
     ,
  ,  -           
         
 

          
   
     ,  
      

              ,
       ,         
             , 
           
 
2. DBMS     :
(a)  
: DBMS   
    - 
     (DBMS)       
        
   
               
14
Easy2Siksha
             
   

      
   '   ,          
   (  )   (    )   
               
  
 
 
  ,   -        
  ()       ,      
   
         
1.       
            
          '    
   :
1.  (σ)
2.  (π)
3.  ()
4.    (-)
5.   (×)
6.   (ρ)
1.1  (σ)
:          '    
    
 :     'StudentID', 'Name',  'Age'   
      
18       
  , 
 > 18     '     
   
   ,      :
15
Easy2Siksha
: σ     ,    > 18   '  
    
        
 18      
1.2  (π)
:        ()     
 
 :            ,  
          
   ,        :
: π     ,        
      
       
1.3  ()
:       ,      
   
 :       , StudentsInCourseA 
StudentsInCourseB,      StudentID  Name   

        ,  
   
   
   ,      :
:   
 ,         
 
  ,   ,    
1.4    (-)
:              

 : 
      StudentsInCourseA 
  StudentsInCourseB  
,  
     
16
Easy2Siksha
   ,      :
:    
 ,    
    
      StudentsInCourseA    StudentsInCourseB 


1.5     (×)
:           
       
 :              
         ,  

    
   ,      :
:×    
 ,     
      
        
      
1.6    (ρ)
:              
 : 
    Enrolled Students    , 

      
   ,      :
:ρ    
 ,      
EnrolledStudents           
             
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2.      
   ,            
  '             
 
1.  
2. 
3. 
2.1   
:      '      
     :
o    :     '   
o  :          
o  :          
 
 
:       ''      , 
    'StudentID'   
''    ' 
     ,  
    
   ,       :
:   
 ,       
    StudentID    
2.2  (∩)
:            
 :     , StudentsInCourseA  StudentsInCourseB,
 
          ,  
    
   ,      :
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: ∩   
 ,        
    StudentsInCourseA  StudentsInCourseB    
2.3 
:         
   
             
 :              
   
            ,
 
    
   ,       :
:÷   
 ,    
    
                
 
3.    

         DBMS     
    
SQL (  )       , 
DBMS   '          
   
            
 
   DBMS           

 ,  DBMS            

4.   
            
, 
            ,  
   ,           
      :
:       18         
   
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:
1. 18             

2. StudentID '        
   
3.             
   ,         :
7. 
             
              
     , , ,  ,    
    SQL           , 
           
  
        ,      
    ,          
     
    
DBMS      ,
              
      ,           
   
      DBMS       
   
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()       
: DBMS      
      (DBMS)         
   ,       
1.    ?
            ,   
                
        ,        
        ,       , 
,  - 
2.        - 
   1960           
         '      
    ,              
    
   ,           ,   (
)   ,      ( )   
            ,   -
    
  ,      
      
      , 
 --     
 (         ),     --
     (          )
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3.        
DBMS                 
      
 :
1.      :   -   
        -  
  ,            
,         '     - 
             
 
 ,    ,     '    ,
            --
    
2.       :    ,       
  ,           
     ,             
             
  
 
3.       :         ,  
        
     '  ,
             
            ,  
       ,    
4. --     :       
    --    '      , 
  ,        ,   
             
           ,    
 
 
5.     :          
              

              
      ,      
        '        
  ,          
6.        :   ,   

    ,          
     ,  '   ,     
22
Easy2Siksha
       ,      ,

             
             
   ,         
7.        :     ' 
            
   ,    ,  ,   
     ,    
           
 
4.      -  
  -            
 :
             ,      
 ( ,  )        ,    
    ,            -- 
     
   ,      , 
     
     ( ,        ) , 
 , 
     ,       
              

     ( ,      )   

5.        
          ,      

        ()      ()  ,  
   --       ,    ,
          -   ,     
  
 :    
 ,    , ,  
              
:             
         ,   
,           
 ,  
        
23
Easy2Siksha
   :   ,  -    ,    
   ,    ,         ,
             
        
6.       
       ,   '       
         :
1.  :   --        
        
2.  :         
 ,   ' 
      
3.     :      '  , 
            
   
 
4.     :
       
    ,          

          
7.      
   ,           DBMS 
    :
1.  :            
            
     ,         
2.     :   ,      
(SQL) ,               
    ,   '    SQL-  
     
3.   :         , 
           DBMS  
 '  ,      '    
 
8. 
   DBMS     
 ,   '   
               --
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      ,   ,    
            
 
,             ,
         
  ,           
                 
               
         ,      
  
-
3.        ?           
:        
 
    (DBMS)       ,  
                 
      DBMS         
    
,        
-- 
1.   ?
   
           -    
                 
            ,     
        ,        
        ,  DBMS      
 
2.       
?
    
     ,     - 
     
   '          
                
    ,            
         
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    ,       :
1.   :  -       ,   
   
2.   : -             
 
 (   )   -    ,
  -      
3.   :  -       -    
  ,         
4.    :  -        
   ,          
             - 
       
3.       ?
    DBMS  -    :
1. 
2.  
3.   
  , 
 '   , 
    
         
      
        
   -   
      "  "       -   
   ,    -   , ",   '     
      
DBMS       '   ,     -
  '     ,        ,   , 
     '
1.     
-    ,        :
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1.     (S  ):       -     
                ,
   '          

2.    (X  ):    -      
             ;  
 '      

3.    :       (       
  ) '           
          -  '  -   
 
4.  :           
               
   '             
     -       ,   
      
2.      
        DBMS   -    :
      :      -       
,    (     )      
DBMS         
    -  
 
      
    :     -      ,    -
          (  )  

     :-       ,     ,
   -          '    
-       (   )     
 ()
         
   ,   
         ,    
  
     , -    - 
3.   
            ,   
      -          
   :
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1. -    (2PL):            
     :
o   :-  
      ,    
  
  
o   :  -       ,   
  
  
-     
     -     
 ,          -   '  
          
2.  -    : -        
 , -           
 
 

         
   
-      
3.      :         - 
                 ,
   -  
    , DBMS -
    :
o    :    -     
-             
o     : DBMS   '      ,
   ,           
       
       ,        
  
 :
 :
  :             
-   
  :     ,    - 
   
     
 
 :
 :       ,     
      
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 :        ,  -    
   ,   
    :   -      
 ,         

         ,   

          -      
   , -       
           ,    
 
      ,         
        
         -       
            
             
  .
4.         :
(a)    
()   
: ()   
        ,    
     ,            
                 
:
1.     
?
  :   ,   ,   
            
 ,     ,  ,        

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          :         
     ,           
          ,    
      
    :          ,   
      ,        
 
2.         
   '           :
  :           
   ,     ,    
   
SQL :          SQL  
  URL    ,        
  
        ,  
     
 :   ,     
     
             
 
    :   ,   
           
3.      
          :
 :         
         '     
            :
o   :          
  ,   '  , ,   
  
o -   (RBAC):      
 '    -     ,
          ,    
 ,     
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:              
              ,
        

        (IDS):      
    
 ,      
          
    :   '      
             
     
  :         ,  
               

4.      
      ,       
  :
   :       
      
 :          '
         
    :       ,   
    ,       

       :      

               
    
             
 ,   ,       ,      
   
()   
               
       ,  ,     24/7 
,               , 
  
1.     ?
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Easy2Siksha
     (AI)        
                '   
                 
          ,    ,  
     
2.       ?
          :
  :            , 
        
   ,  
  ,    , ,    -
     
 :               
                
             
 
      (       )   
 ,              
  
3.       
     ,  -        :
-  :   "-"    '   
 ,       ,        
   -         
     
   :-      "  
" 
  ,        
  , "   "   ,    
   "     "
 :               
               
           
4.       
    -           :
  :            
             
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              
 
 :  ,       ,  
  ,           
: -   ,   , 
    -          

    :         ,   
 ,            
 
5.       
        :
  :    ,       
   
,  
     

 :            , 24/7  
 ,    '         
  
 - :          ,  
 ' -            
:            ,
     
       
    
6.        
    ,      :
    :     -   
           
     
   
 
  '  :        ' 
              , 
      
   :       
 
     
    ,  
          
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7.     
-    ,         
                
       ,        ,
            
   
 
  ,             
 
       , , ,  -
             

 
-
5. DBMS          Oracle 10g        
 
: DBMS   Oracle 10g  - :  
Oracle 10g Oracle    (DBMS)       
 -         
          
 ,   
        , 
Oracle 10g  
-           
 
 
1. -   (OOP)   - 
Oracle 10g       ,     
-  (OOP)     OOP      
    ,  ""        
OOP      :
:  ( )          
 
 :            

34
Easy2Siksha
:            , 
  
 
:      
 

Oracle 10g  OOP       ,   
           
2.    
Oracle 10g             
              
       ,        
( )   (   '   )    
 : 
        ,  
, ,
      ()     
      
     
 ,     ' - 
   
 
3.  
Oracle 10g , 
            
     ,      ,    
             
 
 :     , 
    
             
         
             ,  
       
4.      
Oracle 10g     ,   
    ' 
        '        
    
 :
          
   , 
          
      ()      

35
Easy2Siksha
              
     
 
5. 
Oracle 10g     ,        
    '       '       
             
    
 :  ()         
   
   ,      ,  
      displayInfo()    
      
       
  
6.  
  Oracle 10g          
   ,          
        -    
  
 :       , ,    
  ,  
          
      
    , 
 
    -      
             -
    
 
7.  
  -  ,  10      
               
  '   
 :    , 
calculateGPA()    
              '   
     ,       -
   
 
36
Easy2Siksha
8.  
Oracle 10g          (REFs)  
           ,   

      
 :
          ,
 
           
 
      
 
         '     
 ,
 
 OOP    
9.    VARRAYs
Oracle 10g   
   VARRAY,             
          --    
       
 :            
   
       (    
 )    
VARRAYs:           ,  
       
    VARRAY           
   ,           
10.     
Oracle 10g  -    ,  - 
       
      
        
 :
          
       -    -
         ,     
         
 
              
37
Easy2Siksha
11.  
Oracle 10g      ,       - 
      -       

 
     , Oracle 10g        
   ,             
        '       
     
12.    
Oracle 10g   (AQ)    ,      
     -   -     
   AQ         ,     ,
              
 :    ,   -   ,  
               

  -         
       , 
   
        
13.  
Oracle 10g      ,        
            
-  
       '         
 :             
   
      ,

       ,         
 
             
,        
 
14. -  
Oracle 10g , 
        
           '        
           
38
Easy2Siksha
 :  , 
       
    ' ,        

           
         
 ,  
   
 
15.   
Oracle 10g   ,    (=)   (!=)   
              
           
 :  , 
         
 '              
       
   ,
       
   ,        
 
16.    
Oracle 10g  -          
    '        ,   
                
  -         
        
 
 :   , 
, ,    
            ,   
           
   
        
 
17.   -    
Oracle 10g  -        
 
        , 
   
      '         
         ,       
    
 :            
 ,       calculateGPA()   
         '  ,  
        
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          ,     
    '  
18. 
 , Oracle 10g  -      
          , ,
,      ,   
-            
   ,     ,    
            

          
Oracle 10g        ,  - 
     -      
      
      ,  
      ,      , Oracle 10g 
-           
6. SQL       DDL  DML       
: SQL    DDL  DML     
SQL (  ) ,          
   :  (  )   (  ) 
           ,   
               SQL
     
DDL (      )  ?
DDL              
     DDL       ,  
 ,         DDL    '
   :
1.  :            
 ,  
       

  ,  
CREATE    
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:
:  SQL          
 :
StudentID, FirstName, LastName,  Age
2. : ALTER          ,  
          ,  
ALTER   

:
:       ''     

3. DROP:     ,         DROP
      
    '      
 :
:         
4.  :TRUNCATE             
        
         
  
 :
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o :          
     
DML (      )  ?
DML                
 DDL            , 
  
 ,  ,       DML      
 DML  :
1. INSERT:          ,   
     , 
INSERT    
 :
:          

  
2. : SELECT         
    
     ,  
SELECT   
 :
:       (*)     
3. :         ,   
      ,  
   
 :
:     StudentID = 1  21    
4.  :      
        
  ,  
DELETE   
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 :
o :  StudentID = 1       
SQL    
 SQL        SQL      DDL  DML 
   ,        :
 1:     (DDL -  )
,              , 
     :
:          
 ,   EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Position,  Salary  
 
 2:  (DML - INSERT)
      , 
       :
:           

 3:      (DML - SELECT)
,    
      :
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:         ,  
   
 
 4:    (DML - )
         ,     :
:     65,000    
 5:   (DML -   )
       ,  
   :
:          
 6:    (DDL - ALTER)
 ,  
          
  :
:           
 7:  (DDL - DROP)
 ,       
,  
   :
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:  
         

DDL  DML SQL                DDL
 (  CREATE, ALTER,  DROP)        
    ,   DML  ( INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE,  DELETE) 
             
SQL       , 
     , 
                DDL  DML
       , 
     
           
   , 
SQL             
      ,       
-
7. ()       ?            
  
:        
   ,            
                
                ,  
    ,   ,   
    '
  
   
   '        :     
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1.  :
o    SQL  (  SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,  DELETE)
            
 
o              ,

         
o              
  
2.  :
o          
 
 '     
      
        
o       ,   
,
        
o               
            '   
 
 :
             
    ?
  
 SQL  
         
       PL/SQL     '   

      ,        
        
 ,   '   
       
      ?
    '       :
1.    :
o  
           SELECT INTO
    ,          
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2. DML :
o    (DML)    INSERT, UPDATE,  DELETE ,
            
 
     :   
         ,   :
1. SQL  :
o   SQL  (  SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,  DELETE) PL/SQL
    ,  Oracle     
 
o  ,  
        
 SELECT INTO   ,       
2.  :
o          .  

  
   
    
3.      :
o         
 -  
    ,        
 
4.    :
o     ,          .
,      ,    
 
 

 : SELECT INTO       
          SELECT INTO  
     
     _, _, _,     
   
        
_ 101 
     
      PL/SQL   :
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:
SELECT INTO     _id = 101    
        
 
    ,    ,        
 
   v_salary      ,   
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE       
    
          
    
       SQL%        :
1. SQL%ROWCOUNT:
o SQL         
o  :    5   ,  SQL%ROWCOUNT
5  
2. SQL% FOUND:
o  SQL            TRUE  ,
 
 FALSE  
o  :  SELECT INTO       , SQL%
FOUND  
3. SQL% NOTFOUND:
o  SQL      
  TRUE  ,  
 FALSE  
o  : DELETE      
, 
SQL%NOTFOUND  
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4. SQL% ISOPEN:
o     FALSE    
   
      
o  :
        ,
SQL%ISOPEN     ' 
  
 :     
           
 :
:
SELECT INTO   , 
     SQL%FOUND    
    
 SQL% FOUND  ,      
,     
  
     
 
SQL%ROWCOUNT          , 
 1        0     
  
    
1.  :
o            
 
 ,      
2.  :
o     ,         ,
   
 
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3. :
o 
   -      , 
        
     
1.  :
o            

 
   
  ,       
    

2.    :
o             
   ,    


  ,   -      
           '   
,     
 ,   ' SELECT INTO   
            ,    
  
              
                , 

      PL/SQL    
()                 
        
:             
 ,                 
    -       ,   ' Oracle 
PL/SQL ( /  ) ,    
   ,     ,   ,  
             , 
      
 
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   ?
  PL/SQL   -        
   
         
       
,             ', 

         ,   -    

 
    
?
1.    :   
   ,  
  
-  ,    ,      
2.  :          ,   
   '    
3.   :    ,    
    ,     
 
4. : 
        ,  

              
   
PL/SQL      
     '     :
1. :     
     (  )  
      
      
   
2.  :    
, ,   /
  
3.  :          
     SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,  DELETE  SQL 
   
4.   :      
   
      ,       
      
5. :    
 .
             
   :   
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       
1. 
    :     
 
     
      ,        

  : ,  __     
  ,       .
 :     :
o emp_id ( NUMBER):    ID 
  
   
o 
_  ( NUMBER): 
     
IN  
       ,     
     
2.  
  ,    
  ,       
  
   , ,        
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3.  
:      
 
 :      SQL      
     _     
:  
        
    '    
4.   
 :             

NO_DATA_FOUND:            ID
         ,
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE         
:   -         
5. 
END:      
 
   
   , 
      :
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  ID 101     50,000    
       
1.     :    
  
    ,
      
; 
     
 
2.  :          ,

          ,  
       , 
    
'   emp_id  new_salary     
3. ...END:           
BEGIN  END            '  
 
4.   :  PL/SQL       
 
          ,   
             (
NO_DATA_FOUND)        
       
5.  :  ,  COMMIT   
     
   
       
,   
   
  ,       
    
 ,   '  - , 
  
      COMMIT     
     
 '   ,          :
1. OUT       : -
,
     
,             , 
OUT
     .
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, emp_salary  OUT  ,     emp_id   ' 
   
2.  SQL   :      SQL  

       :
1.               
       

PL/SQL              
,    ,    
     
,    ,   ,     
         , SQL  
  ,     ,     
  
 
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  , 
          
     ,       
  
 ,   ,          
            , 
             
8. PL/SQL          :
(a)    
(b)  
: PL/SQL    :      
PL/SQL    - 
PL/SQL (SQL   )      SQL    
 SQL           , 
         
  PL/SQL    
   
         
    
(a)    
1.     ?
              
             - 

   ,          ,  
  ,    
 ,      '  
                  
         
2.      
?
       :
    :          
    
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:     ,      

        :        ,  
         
3.     ?
               :
INSERT:            
:         
 :           

               ,
            ( BEFORE INSERT ), 
            ( AFTER UPDATE
)
4.       
         
       
       ,        
       
          
   
 :
   :
 _salary_update   
             
    
     _       
  
5.    
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     :
 - :         
      ,  10     , 
 10   
- :   SQL        ,
      ,  10     ,
     
(b)  
1.    ?
PL/SQL ,            ( SQL  
     )          
            
 PL/SQL   

    
            ,    
      
 
 
  ,    
          ,      PL/SQL  
    
 SELECT  
        
2.   
?
     :
               
   

        ,   ,  
     , 
           '  
  
3.      ?
              :
1.    : 
      SELECT    
   
2.  :      
     
   
 
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3.       :
FETCH     ,    
      
4.   :  '    , 
   
    
4.      
   
             
     
       PL/SQL  
 :
   :
 emp_cursor          
    ID 10 
   ,          
emp_name       
            

(emp_cursor%NOTFOUND)
 ,     
5.     
     
          
       :
% :          TRUE  
59
Easy2Siksha
%
:      
   TRUE  

%ROWCOUNT:         
% ISOPEN:       TRUE  
6.     
 --  :          
    ,         
 '     
  :    ,      , 
    
 
7.     
         
         
         '       
        '      ,    
     

     PL/SQL        
 
        
 ,
      '        
   
       ,   
 '     
           
             
    ,          
  '    
:       Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '         